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Primero que todo, quiero aclarar que en realidad si he hecho tres contribuciones de las 5 posibles hasta hoy (14 Abril)
es decir, la segunda contribucion fue mejorada como la tercera contribucion. es decir, solo he fallado dos veces, no
tres como dice la pagina de "penitencias". Segundo, dado que la extension de estas no me permite trabajar todo en un dia,
espero que entiendan que sera el transcurrir de esta semana que ire llenando los aportes que hacen falta.
A continuacion, un extracto historico para referirnos al instante crucial, a partir del cual queremos evaluar la entrada
campal de la religion a latinoamerica>
THE EXPLORATION AND CONQUEST OF LATINAMERICA
The exploration and conquest of Latin America is one of the greatest achievements in the history
of mankind. In a small period of time (1492-1567), Castilians explored South America, Central America and part of North America.
- In 1500, the Spanish monarchs start a system of colonisation in America. Settlers had freedom
to work for themselves, they just paid a tax
- In the year 1513, Núñez de Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean, which he named the South
Sea, therefore destroying Columbus idea that it was Asia
- In 1522, the first circumnavigation of the globe was finalised by Juan Sebastián Elcano
- In 1519, Hernán Cortés commenced the conquest of Mexico, which was ruled by the Aztecs (Moctezuma).
The conquest finished in August 1521
- The conquest of Central America was more complicated as there were armies from different
generals. The process started and 1522 and finished by 1546 (great opposition by the Mayas)
- North America was difficult to conquer. Expeditions started as early as 1513 in Florida but
the final colonisation was not accomplished until the 17th century
- With regard to South America, Francisco Pizarro conquered Peru from the Inca empire by 1531.
From there, they expanded into Eucuador, Colombia and Venezuela, to the North; to the South into Chile and Bolivia and finally
Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay
The conquest of America brought a lot of criticism outside and
inside Spain. It was necessary to establish some laws:
1. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda argued that as the indigenous tribes
were inferior, biologically and culturally, they should be dominated by a more cultured nation (this was the argument behind
the European colonial expansion of the XVIII and XIX centuries)
2. Fray Bartolomé de Las Casas opposed this. The establishment
of Christianity should be a peaceful process, not a war of submission. Battle should only be started as a defense strategy
The Spanish Crown decided that a legal document called "Requerimiento" (1514) should be read
to Indians before the start of hostilities. They should accept the Christian faith and become subjects of the Castilla Crown
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extraido de: http://www.hku.hk/spanish/HISTORY_OF_LATINAMERICA.html
Es evidente entonces que hay una circunstancia invisible acerca de como introducir el orden y la cultura espaNola en
unas comunidades indigenas que poblaban el nuevo mundo. Habria de imponer el orden con mano dura y esperar la sumision total
de las ideologias precolombinas? o habria que hacerlo de manera paulatina?
de nuevo recurrimos a una vista de la linea historica breve de los sucesos y acontecimientos. Estos seran organizados y
estructurados mejor, pero por la necesidad de comenzar con la dialectica del asunto, coloco esta evidencia en ingles y de
manera tan atravesada.
- Carlos I (1517-1555) inherited all the American possessions upon becoming King of Spain
- The Spanish crown ceded the rights to conquer to other people in exchange for a percentage
of the benefits obtained. The conqueror had rights of exploitation (although this changed soon after finishing the conquest)
- The governing of America was done through bodies in Spain and local institutions in the colonies,
which had governors in charge. The Viceroy was the representative of the king abroad
- Conquerors received little money but received other perks
- Although slavery of Indians was not allowed, the Spanish Crown needed labourers who could
carry out methodical work. As a result, traders brought slaves from Africa
- Evangelization of America had two faces, one peaceful and the other one violent. Some missionaries
went as far as to oppose the settlers. Eventually, the Catholic faith would become a pivotal part of Indian life
- The Indian population went through a demographic decline (illness, different culture) but
the colonisers mixed with the locals
La pregunta que cabe hacerse es si en realidad la religion, impuesta, estaba causando algun efecto negativo o algun tipo
de respuesta social incluso antes de existir como moralidad e ideologia adquirida. Seria cierto decir que la imposicion de
una deidad, que el miedo al castigo pudieronn influenciar la manera en que las futuras generaciones de la joven america entiendieran
y sobrellevaran la fe y la religiosidad. Es mi hipotesis afirmar que esto es cierto.
Mas adelante aportare mas a esta cruda descripcion de una idea que hasta ahora se esta desarrollando. La religion
ha de ser vista como una fuerza fundamental en la forma en que impregna al individuo con juicios y riquezas y es casi
necesario afirmar que el vivo, algo lleva de ideologia catolica dentro de su comportamiento.
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